تويت
Lesson # 1) دورة اللغة الإنجليزية للمتقدمين
Salam dear brother and sisters
This is the first lesson of the advance course. Lets start with how to improve your “SPELLING” capabilities.
To improve your spelling, do the following:
1. Practice pronouncing and spelling troublesome words aloud, syllable by syllable:
Ath-let-ic
Quan-ti-ty
En-vi-ron-ment
Gov-ern-ment
Lab-or-a-to-ry
Ac-ci-den-tal-ly
2. Make Full Use of Memory Devices: Associate one word with another or find word within a word.
So many people make mistakes in the word “grammar” does it have -er at the end or –ar, for that you can use the sentence (Poor grammar will mar your writing) where we used the word mar to tell us that it is mar at the end of the word grammar. The same thing for the word “stationery”, so many people have doubts does it have –ery or –ary, for that you can use the sentence “stationery is paper” where the –er in the word “paper” tells you that it is –ery nor –ary in the word “stationery”.
3. Master these spelling rules:
· ie and ei:
When the sound is like EE, put (i) before (e) except after (c).
Examples: (chief, grief, niece, field, relief)
Examples of the (after c) exceptions: (receive, ceiling, deceive).
When the sound is not like EE, write ei (eight, height, their, foreign, veil)
Exception common words:
Species, friendly
Neither, weird, protein, seizes and leisure
REMEMBER: This rule is applied only if the ie or ei are located in the same syllable not different like (sci ence)
· Final e:
Drop a final silent e before a suffix beginning with a vowel or y (a,e,i,o,u,y):
Write + ing = writing
Love + able = lovable
Hope + ed = hoped
Fame + ous = famous
Scare + y = Scary
Come + ing = coming
Keep the e when the suffix does not begin with a vowel: hope/ful , love/less , lone/ly , safe/ty , state/ment , same/ness
Keep the e before a vowel suffix
(1) After c or g: when the suffix begins with a or o (to maintain the soft “c” or “g” sound). Examples (notice/able, change/able, courage/ous).
(2) To avoid confusion with other words: sing + ing = singeing (to avoid confusion with singing); dye + ing = dyeing (to avoid confusion with dying).
· Final y:
Change a final y to i before any suffix except –ing:
Happy + ness = happiness
Busy + ly = busily
Cry + ed = cried
Lady + s = ladies
The –ing exceptions: Crying, burying, trying
Ignore this rule if a vowel is precedes the y:
Chimney/s, annoy/ed, monkey/s
Exceptions:
lay, laid
pay, paid
say, said
· Double a final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (including y):
1. If the consonant ends a one-syllable word and is preceded by a single vowel (drop, drop/ping; bat, bat/ter) BUT not if the consonant is preceded by two vowels (droop, droop/ing; fail, fail/ing).
2. If the consonant ends an accented syllable of the root word and is preceded by a single vowel (oc/cur, occur/red; con/troll, control/ling) BUT not if the last syllable is unaccented (ben/efit, benefit/ed; off/er, offer/ing)
· Forming Plurals:
To form most plurals, add –s to the singular (toy, toys; riyal, riyals). The following generalizations cover most other plurals.
1. Add –es to the singular when making the word plural creates an extra syllable (bush, bush/es; fox, fox/es; buzz, buzz/es).
2. Add –es when the singular ends with –y after replacing the y- with –i (sky, skies; liberty, liberties) BUT not if the -y is preceded by a vowel (toy, toys)
3. For few words, you have to change the “f” or “fe” to “v” and add –es. These few words are (calf, calves; knife, knives; wife, wives; loaf, loaves; wharf, wharves; life, lives).
4. With certain singular nouns ending in “o”, add –es (tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes; hero, heroes). With all other nouns ending with “o”, add just –s (piano, pianos; radio, radios; studio, studios). Few certain words ending in “o” can accept both adding –s or –es (domino, dominos or dominoes; zero, zeros or zeroes).
5. With certain nouns of foreign origin, use the foreign plural (thesis, theses; crisis, crises; oasis, oases; analysis, analyses; axis, axes).
By that I conclude the first lesson and I would like to get your comments about it and any suggestions for the next lessons.
ali
Salam dear brother and sisters
This is the first lesson of the advance course. Lets start with how to improve your “SPELLING” capabilities.
To improve your spelling, do the following:
1. Practice pronouncing and spelling troublesome words aloud, syllable by syllable:
Ath-let-ic
Quan-ti-ty
En-vi-ron-ment
Gov-ern-ment
Lab-or-a-to-ry
Ac-ci-den-tal-ly
2. Make Full Use of Memory Devices: Associate one word with another or find word within a word.
So many people make mistakes in the word “grammar” does it have -er at the end or –ar, for that you can use the sentence (Poor grammar will mar your writing) where we used the word mar to tell us that it is mar at the end of the word grammar. The same thing for the word “stationery”, so many people have doubts does it have –ery or –ary, for that you can use the sentence “stationery is paper” where the –er in the word “paper” tells you that it is –ery nor –ary in the word “stationery”.
3. Master these spelling rules:
· ie and ei:
When the sound is like EE, put (i) before (e) except after (c).
Examples: (chief, grief, niece, field, relief)
Examples of the (after c) exceptions: (receive, ceiling, deceive).
When the sound is not like EE, write ei (eight, height, their, foreign, veil)
Exception common words:
Species, friendly
Neither, weird, protein, seizes and leisure
REMEMBER: This rule is applied only if the ie or ei are located in the same syllable not different like (sci ence)
· Final e:
Drop a final silent e before a suffix beginning with a vowel or y (a,e,i,o,u,y):
Write + ing = writing
Love + able = lovable
Hope + ed = hoped
Fame + ous = famous
Scare + y = Scary
Come + ing = coming
Keep the e when the suffix does not begin with a vowel: hope/ful , love/less , lone/ly , safe/ty , state/ment , same/ness
Keep the e before a vowel suffix
(1) After c or g: when the suffix begins with a or o (to maintain the soft “c” or “g” sound). Examples (notice/able, change/able, courage/ous).
(2) To avoid confusion with other words: sing + ing = singeing (to avoid confusion with singing); dye + ing = dyeing (to avoid confusion with dying).
· Final y:
Change a final y to i before any suffix except –ing:
Happy + ness = happiness
Busy + ly = busily
Cry + ed = cried
Lady + s = ladies
The –ing exceptions: Crying, burying, trying
Ignore this rule if a vowel is precedes the y:
Chimney/s, annoy/ed, monkey/s
Exceptions:
lay, laid
pay, paid
say, said
· Double a final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (including y):
1. If the consonant ends a one-syllable word and is preceded by a single vowel (drop, drop/ping; bat, bat/ter) BUT not if the consonant is preceded by two vowels (droop, droop/ing; fail, fail/ing).
2. If the consonant ends an accented syllable of the root word and is preceded by a single vowel (oc/cur, occur/red; con/troll, control/ling) BUT not if the last syllable is unaccented (ben/efit, benefit/ed; off/er, offer/ing)
· Forming Plurals:
To form most plurals, add –s to the singular (toy, toys; riyal, riyals). The following generalizations cover most other plurals.
1. Add –es to the singular when making the word plural creates an extra syllable (bush, bush/es; fox, fox/es; buzz, buzz/es).
2. Add –es when the singular ends with –y after replacing the y- with –i (sky, skies; liberty, liberties) BUT not if the -y is preceded by a vowel (toy, toys)
3. For few words, you have to change the “f” or “fe” to “v” and add –es. These few words are (calf, calves; knife, knives; wife, wives; loaf, loaves; wharf, wharves; life, lives).
4. With certain singular nouns ending in “o”, add –es (tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes; hero, heroes). With all other nouns ending with “o”, add just –s (piano, pianos; radio, radios; studio, studios). Few certain words ending in “o” can accept both adding –s or –es (domino, dominos or dominoes; zero, zeros or zeroes).
5. With certain nouns of foreign origin, use the foreign plural (thesis, theses; crisis, crises; oasis, oases; analysis, analyses; axis, axes).
By that I conclude the first lesson and I would like to get your comments about it and any suggestions for the next lessons.
ali